EPA ( Eicosapentaenoic acid) is a rich source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and is present in high quantities in cold water fish.
Studies about omega-3 fatty acids (available in fish oil supplements) are so impressive that the Federal government has stated that fish oil can help save lives. In a report issued on April 22, 2004, an agency of the National Institutes of Health stated:
Supportive research shows that the consumption of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil supplements and fish consumption may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
The problem is that the American diet is deficient in beneficial omega-3 fatty acids, and loaded with dangerous trans fats. Increasing consumption of omega-3, such as those found in cold-water fish can mitigate this imbalance. 2
There are several factors attributed to fish oil's beneficial effects. One recent government report cited the effect of fish oil on lowering triglycerides as a reason why fish oil reduces heart and blood vessel disease. 3 Another beneficial mechanism of fish oil is to protect healthy blood flow in arteries. 4,5,6,7 Other researchers have postulated that the most important effect of fish oil is its capacity to markedly reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins that contribute to a host of related problems. 8,9,10
The consumption of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids provides health benefits, but it can also save billions in healthcare costs. A study conducted by The Lewin Group, "elderly consumers could save billions from a reduction in the occurrence in coronary heart disease through the daily intake of omega-3 fatty acids" like those found in the Super EPA fish oil supplement.
References
1. AHRQ Evidence Reports Confirm that Fish Oil Helps Fight Heart Disease. Press Release, April 22, 2004. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/news/press/pr2004/omega3pr.htm
2. Kris-Etherton, PM, Taylor, DS, Yu-Poth, S, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000, Jan;71(1 Suppl):179S-88S.
3. Mori, TA, Vandongen, R, Beilin, LJ, et al. Effects of varying dietary fat, fish, and fish oils on blood lipids in a randomized controlled trial in men at risk of heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 May;59(5):1060-8.
4. Mayer, K, Merfels, M, Muhly-Reinholz, M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids suppress monocyte adhesion to human endothelial cells: role of endothelial PAF generation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 Aug;283(2):H811-8.
5. Andrioli G, Carletto A, Guarini P, et al. Differential effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil or soy lecithin on human platelet adhesion. Thromb Haemost. 1999 Nov;82(5):1522-7.
6. Li XL, Steiner M. Dose response of dietary fish oil supplementations on platelet adhesion. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991 Jan-Feb;11(1):39-46.
7. Bertomeu MC, Crozier GL, Haas TA, et al. Selective effects of dietary fats on vascular 13-HODE synthesis and platelet/vessel wall interactions. Thromb Res. 1990 Sep 1;59(5):819-30.
8. Jolly, CA, Muthukumar, A, Avula, CP, et al. Lifespan is prolonged in food-restricted auto-immune-prone [NZ-NZW] F[1] mice fed a diet enriched with [n-3] fatty acids. J Nutr. 2001 Oct.;131(10):2753-60.
9. Grimble, RF Nutritional modulation of immune function. Proc Nutr Soc. 2001 Aug;60(3):389-97.
10. Calder, PC. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: from molecular biology to the clinic. Lipids. 2003 Apr;38(4):
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